BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK - Essay Example In this labor contract, wages and benefits are specified. However, Bhagat is free to choose the quantity of labor it employs. Bhagat has announced a $3 price increase for its machine parts. This figure represents the projected $3 increase in labor costs due to its new union contract. It is Gina’s responsibility to evaluate this announcement. Many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts as the changes in cost-plus contracts are more likely to become a responsibility of the purchaser of the product. Thus, fluctuations and volatility of labor costs, price for fuel and other resources are the risks of the purchaser of the product rather than supplier/manufacturer. Cost-plus pricing mitigates the risks of the supplier/manufacturer of the product and therefore, makes him feel more relaxed and less motivated to reduce costs associated with production of the product. Purchaser of the product has to pay for these costs, which incurs increase of the price of the product sold and therefore either decreases his mark up or weakens his competitive position on the market. Personal video recorders (PVRs) are digital video recorders used to record and replay television programs received from cable, satellite, or local broadcasts. But unlike VCRs, which they replace, PVRs offer many more functions, notably the ability to record up to 80 hours of programs and easy programming. A PVR consists of an internal hard disk and micro processor. After the owner installs the hardware, the PVR downloads all upcoming TV schedules to the hardware via a phone or cable connection. Users merely enter the name of the show(s) they want recorded and the system finds the time and channel of the show and automatically records it. Users must subscribe to a cable or satellite system if they wish to record programs off these channels. Besides ease of programming and much larger recording capacity than video tape,

A Tiger came to tea Essay Example for Free

A Tiger came to tea Essay Ive never seen so many children so excited about having a snack, It was like when animals are at a zoo, waiting to be fed, when they can see the zookeeper coming towards them. And the hustle and loud noises from the children was like the anticipation of crowds waiting for their favourite singers to come on stage. As soon as the children scoffed their snacks and gulped down their drink, we made our way to where the bouncy castle was outside. Every child was having a great time whether it was running around on the grass, bouncing on the castle or eating its picnic; it looked like the wonderful picture if a stranger was to come in to see what a playgroup did on the days of the summer. A perfect picture of summer with children having fun and enjoying themselves, the sun shining and everyone with huge smiles on their faces.  As I was sitting reading A Tiger came to tea to one little girl, Charlotte, all of a sudden a heard this all mighty cry, I jumped up so quickly that my heart all most stopped. The parents also looked stunned to see what an earth had gone on. I hurried to where the noise was coming from. Some children had even stopped bouncing on the castle, to see what had happened and to get them to stop bouncing on some thing they loved must have been something of a terrible shock. I came to the brightly coloured bouncy castle that had a tiger on the front the noise that usually was quite loud from the air at the back. This noise had somewhat been drowned out completely but the amount of commotion from worried parents and intrigued children. This enjoyable, blissful afternoon had turned into a worrying afternoon of turmoil.  My heart racing, I didnt know what to expect. I could feel my hands and forehead getting more and more sweaty, just like my first day starting. It wasnt a very nice feeling at all.  Still having this little girl sitting comfortably in my lap, I decided that I would go and look to see what the entire disturbance was and if I could do anything to help. I lifted Charlotte off my knees, placed the book down and slowly started to make my way over to the bouncy castle. The weather had turned from sunshine and clear skies, into black clouds and wind, making the atmosphere even more chilling. Approaching the giant inflatable I was feeling tremendously nervous and anxious.  Behind it was a little boy, Nathan, lying there crying and screaming like he had been punched hard in the stomach. The sight of his poor defenceless body made me just want to go and hug him. So that he wouldnt feel alone, that he could find comfort in my arms.  Had he stopped breathing? What if he would never be the same clever, ecstatic little boy that he was?  Blood was pouring from one of his legs and his arm was in an awkward position as if he had fallen on it funny. At that point I knew he had had a nasty plunge. I dint know what to think, I had never experienced anything like this before, especially on such a ting delicate boy. I was shaking, all that was going on inside my head were negative things and this point in time I couldnt think of positive.  Call an Ambulance, shouted Marion who looked very disturbed. Its Nathan, hes hurt  Nathans mum came running to the scene, her face had turned as white as snow, obviously from the shock.  Its on its way shouted one of the other leaders who had gone to call the ambulance. The ambulance turned up within a few minutes and Nathan was rushed off in it, the blue lights flashing, the siren going off, at this point all the children were just amazed at the ambulance. You could hear,  Look, lookambulance or Nee noor. Nee noor from the children.  I looked on in disbelief thinking how could that have happened within the half an hour of everyone enjoying themselves, then this terrible accident that Nathan had encountered. I just wished that he would be ok, that the broken arm and cut leg was the only thing that he had done.

Impact of Trilingualism in Kazakhstan

Impact of Trilingualism in Kazakhstan Identify any ONE education reform policy/measure recently adopted by a Ministry of Education that you are familiar with, critically examine how different stakeholders have tried to shape this education policy and how the change has been introduced. Analyse and evaluate the selected education reform policy/measure in light of the literature you have read. Introduction In Kazakhstan, as in many other countries, education is highly influenced and controlled by the state education policy-makers. Tensions and difficulties arise within various stakeholders due to new policies and reforms adopted by Ministry of Education. This paper aims to analyse potential issues related to one of the new adopted reforms, namely trilingual education in schools. In this essay I will discuss how this reform was introduced by government. Intentions and strategic plans expressed through education system will be also analysed. Then perspectives of various stakeholders regarding trilingualism are discussed, drawing on data from different case studies and interviews. This topic might be important because of its novelty and scope in nowadays realities, where governments around the world try to apply different reforms to correspond with global trends. I would like to focus on this topic in order to examine potential outcomes and consequences for the future education of Kazakhs tan. I will also compare and take into account my own experience since I studied and worked in a multilingual school. Introduction of the Trilingualism in Kazakhstan What is the ideal model of education system? There is no simple answer to this question in the international professional community. In 2016, Kazakhstan celebrates the 25th anniversary of independence. Kazakhstan is actively integrating into the global community; where a fierce competition of economy, technology, education systems and etc. take place. Consequently education reforms should be done according to global mainstream. Nowadays, two trends are becoming more popular among the global education systems: (Smith Sandvik (2012)) The rapid development of information and communication technology education (e-learning, smart training, etc.) Improving the educational level of the population, primarily due to the expansion of access to education. Moreover, the education reforms carried out by developed countries can be divided into four main blocks: Education system management Lifelong learning The content of education and ensuring its quality The development of vocational education system Analysis of Kazakhstans educational policies in the framework of the State program of development (2010) shows five changes in the education system: Expansion of pre-school provision Implementing trilingual education in schools. E-Learning Developing pedagogy through the Centres of Excellence programme Extension of secondary education to 12 years of schooling According to this reform, from the 2019 year science lessons will be taught in the English language. In this section, I will discuss how this debatable and controversial reform was introduced by the government. Ongoing reforms in the education sector of the Republic Kazakhstan provide a number of initiatives, including the introduction of the trilingual education system at all levels of education, which aims to shape the future generation, fluent in Kazakh, Russian and English languages. While this reform might seem positive and meaningful, indeed due to several reasons as a time to implement the change and teacher training thus makes schools and management team struggle in the successful implementation of this reform. The objectives of language policy of the modern Kazakhstan reflects in the address of President of Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan in the new world (2007), in which the framework of competitiveness of country and its citizens, proposed phased implementation of the cultural project called The unity of three languages, aimed to the development of three Languages: Kazakh as the state language, Russian as the language of international communication and English as the language of successful integration into the global economy. And worth to note that, the University of Cambridge became a strategic partner of Kazakhstan in this education reform process. (10) Wilson, Reform at Scale: Teacher Development in Kazakhstan (2013). There has been created Kazakhstan Programme by the cooperation of Kazakh and English educators. The university of Cambridge, the faculty of education website states: The University of Cambridge Faculty of Education supports an ambitious and far-reaching programme of educational reform in Kazakhstan through training, research and consultancy all designed to build local capacity. [15] In accordance with the State program of development Education of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020 (2010), the English language should be studied not only as a foreign language but also be used as the language of instruction at all levels of education. Starting from September of 2016 elementary schools must implement some changes. For instance, first-grade students will be taught English in a very accessible and entertaining way. Major innovations await children and their parents from 1 September 2019 in all schools, regardless of the language of education, history of Kazakhstan will be taught in the Kazakh language, and world history in Russian. In the 2019-2020 academic years, the 10-11-graders will be conduct four subjects in English chemistry, physics, biology and Computer Sciences. Learning the terminology in English on subjects like Computer Sciences and Natural Science for students of 5 and 6 grades will begin in 2017-18 and 2018-19 academic years respectively. Due to large-scale implementation of trilingual education, there is an urgent need for teachers who can teach their subject in the English language. This problem requires special attention since the English language is not widely used in everyday communication, unli ke Kazakh and Russian languages. And this is in line with Ball (1997) who states, policymakers expect that teachers are familiar and be able to successfully implement changes; also individual policy-makers do not normally take into account complexity of the environment where changes intended for. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (MoES) is currently developing the Roadmap development and implementation of trilingual education. According to State Programme of Education Development for 2011-2020 and Roadmap (2010), its expected that the percentage of the population speaking state language, by 2020 will reach 95%, in the Russian language will be speaking 90% of the population, and 20% of people will speak English. In fact, the policy of trilingualism will create the conditions for the children to study Russian and English language rather than the Kazakh language. However according to Minister of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, Erlan Sagadiyev: Why do we need to develop trilingualism? Today there is no doubt that the future of knowledge, science, information, and the competitive ability of any nation, will depend on the knowledge of the English language. This must start from school. And gradually increase the amount of English language in order to start school subject teaching at the senior school. However we need to understand the most important meaning of the implementation of trilingual education in Kazakhstan is the total knowledge of the Kazakh language by our population. The priority of the learning the Kazakh language was, is and remains. [11] It is expected that current reforms probably will slow down usage and development of state language. A shift in language knowledge and usage of it in the workplace and private lives of citizens has taken place over the past decades. Due to historical events, the North Kazakhstan is dominantly Russian-speaking, while South part of the country mainly Kazakh speaking. According to the 2009 census, the urban citizens tend to be linguistically speaking Russian-dominant. The Russian language remains the most widely spoken, with 94.4 % population indicating that they understood spoken Russian and 84.8 % indicating that they can read and write the language. In comparison, 74% reported that they understood spoken Kazakh and 62% reported that they could read and write Kazakh. This is huge numbers for the country where 65.5 % of the population are Kazakhs and 21.5 % are Russians (2014 census) [14]. All these lead to the logical conclusion that the government must take a mission to improve the q uality of Kazakh language. Kazakh-medium education needs to be improved and Kazakh people will have to use Kazakh more often in their work and private lives. In order to pilot the trilingual education in the sector of secondary education in 2007 Daryn network of educational institutions for gifted children was created. According to Ministry of education, currently trilingualism is being successfully implemented in 117 secondary schools, in 33 Daryn specialised schools, 30 Kazakh-Turkish lyceums, 20 Nazarbayev Intellectual schools (NIS). Its worth to specifically note that, the Kazakh-Turkish lyceums (Grades 7 to 11), are actively implementing trilingual education. Subjects like Maths, Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Computer Science are to be taught through English. Kazakhstan History, Kazakhstan Geography, Physical Education and Military preparations are to be taught through Kazakh. Turkish and Russian are to be taught in language arts classes. These schools are one of the most prestigious and successful in the country. I have graduated from one of Kazakh-Turkish lyceums. Moreover after graduated from university I have experience working there for 2 years as a teacher. The main reason for their success is quality teachers, teaching material and excellent management and leadership skills of school administration. Additionally, apart from English language Turkish is also taught there. The presence of native Turkish teachers also plays a big role in the quality learning of the Turkish language. The next reason is that those lyceums are situated in cities; therefore they have sufficient funding from government and different private sponsors for implementing various projects. Then there is an entry examination to get enrolled in lyceum. There are only 30 lyceums in Kazakhstan, so this makes 1 or 2 lyceums in each city. There are only 2 new classes accepted each year; this means 50 new students per school get a chance to study there. Still, there is a strong competition among students, and mainly excellent and good students get accepted. The policy makers perspective The general task of the Ministry of Education and Science (MoES) is controlling the education system by making policy and legislative decisions in order to improve. The MoES website states that: The mission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Development of intellectual potential of the nation, the formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of education and science, ensuring competitiveness and sustainable socio-economic growth. Although the primary focus of MoES is nations education, its undeniable that government is highly aware of the nation as a part of the economic structure of the country. It is clear that education must be looked at from this point of view since the purpose of education in large part is to protect the economy of the nation. Nevertheless, the economic way of treatment education paying more importance to money than the intellectual progress of the nation (Ball, 1997, Tikly and Barrett, 2011) However, there are some people who support changes. One of them professor B.Bekturganova The evidence is that the information in English-language on a global scale is greater than in German, Spanish, Chinese and any other language. To keep up with the latest innovations and developments students must be proficient in English. The educators perspective A bottom-up approach works best when new policies, reforms and changes are introduced. Jones, Potter Ebrahim (2001) also suggest that teachers should be given the opportunity to express their ideas and opinions; this will lead to the creation of shared approach for effective change. Another reason is that majority of teachers are willing to influence the design of quality systems in order to bring meaningful change to themselves and their students as shown in Jones, Potter Ebrahim (2001). Knowing and speaking three languages is wonderful skill, but this should not be done at the expense of other important subjects. For example, in rural areas, where the teachers are incredibly insufficient, who teach several subjects, trilingualism might turn to complete disaster. In my opinion, the first thing that happens after the start of the implementation of educational reforms teachers will leave schools, who taught all their lives in the same language. There is a doubt that universities will not have time to prepare a sufficient number of specialists who will be able to replace the old cadres within three years. Moreover, there is no guarantee that the young teachers will be willing to travel to distant villages and rural areas. Additionally, there is a lack of quality teachers even in cities. More teachers are leaving state schools in order to work for private schools, where the salary is considerably higher. The level of education will deteriorate, due to which the reform had begun. No doubt that trilingual education is a matter of time, and in the near future, it would be probably implemented. It seems current reforms do not fully calculated, and are made for the sake of short-term economic and political interests. If the Ministry of education, in fact, decided to modernise the education system, he would have understood that this would take time for preparation and implementation. Action should be done step by step. Firstly to prepare teachers, secondly the material base and then introducing a novelty in one sector, then in another, etc. However, in fact, government frantically trying to implement reforms altogether. Unfortunate teachers do not rest at all and taking language courses to be able to work at school. For example, Anatoly Mazura Physics, a teacher with 30 years of teaching experience says: Teaching Physics laws and rules in English Terminology is already complicated. Then, I guess Ill just have to leave a school. Not all children are able to learn in such way. There are, of course, children who can learn material fast, on the other hand, there are children who need more time, and if they all will be taught in English, unlikely that they will understand anything. There are a lot of teachers who are in the same situation as Anatoly Mazura. These teachers are thinking seriously about his future career. They need to make a choice: stay in school or to change the profession. Anatoly is not sure that he will be able to learn English in two years and to communicate with students properly, as required by the new educational reform. Innovations made by Ministry of Education scare not only teachers but also school head teachers. Irina Smirnova said that teacher staff is not able to perfectly speak, write, and also qualitatively explain the subject in English since most of the teachers are of old age. The school administration organised compulsory English classes for all teachers. Every teacher must study ten hours of theory and practice of English ten hours per week. Studying grammar and rules take most of their time. In the remaining time, teachers must practice speaking and writing skills. According to Irina Smirnova Majlis deputy, ex-principal of the school-lyceum à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 48 Almaty, Kazakhstan Tough we have experience in trilingual education through Kazakh-Turkish schools and Nazarbayev intellectual schools. However, nowadays according to state program there are not any English classes for 4th-grade students in secondary schools and only one hour a week at 1,2,3rd grades. It is impossible to learn a language in this situation. If we want students to know three languages, not necessarily mathematics, physics, chemistry should be taught in the English language. It is better simply to teach the language more intense, and maybe one subject which will not affect cognitive abilities of students could be taught in English. The subject technology why not do in English? I think this is a hasty decision that could lead to serious problems. Although a positive viewpoint on the subject is that Ministry of Education officials know about the level of training of Kazakhstani teachers and therefore prepare to massively retrain teachers all over the country. According to Minister of Education Erlan Sagadiyev, there are 365,000 school teachers in Kazakhstan. In general 32 000 senior school teachers who know English needed for successful implementation of the reform. As the Ministry of Education reported, teacher training for the implementation of the program and trilingual education is already being implemented as following: Nazarbayev University will prepare 675 subject teachers (chemistry, physics, biology, computer science); Nazarbayev Intellectual School and JSC Orleu will prepare 69 teachers through the updated program KATEV will teach 18,250 children in summer language camps; 680 subject teachers (chemistry, physics, biology, computer science) 84 teachers from regional specialised school for gifted children; 800 science teachers. In accordance with State Programme of Education Development (2010) teachers who teach science and math in English, is expected to increase to 15% by 2020. (3) However, rural schools in distant regions of the country will face most problems. Because even physics or chemistry teachers not enough there. In some rural schools, teachers combine two roles of math and physics teachers. According to the Ministry, the solution to this problem is to provide internet access to such schools and retrain teachers by distance learning technologies. The Ministry plans in the next three or four years to provide 90% of Kazakhstani students access to broadband Internet (today it is 76%). Also, apparently this reform will cost huge money and resources for the government. The students perspective According to the information-analytical centre and the Public Opinion Research Institute, 1055 pupils of 9 and 11 grades (66% from school with the Kazakh language of instruction, 34% from the Russian language of instruction) participated in the survey. A survey showed that only 15% of students are fluent in English. The vast majority of students (68%) do not want to study computer science, physics, chemistry and biology in English. They believe that they will learn neither English language nor the subjects due to the low quality of education, many of them consider it would be useless for their future work. It is important to note that students of schools, colleges and universities of the country are already living in a trilingual environment, so for children learning English is not a problem. Fear of studying languages is projected by parents, thus hindering students development says officials from Ministry of Education. In my perspective, I think the choice of the student to study subjects in a foreign language must be voluntary and not compulsory. Parents should have a choice whether they let their children study or not in trilingual school. Subjects in the English language should be taught only in senior schools, and only as an optional. Because today level of English language of secondary school students is not enough to adequately understand the teaching material. School teachers, who will teach subjects in English, should have an appropriate certificate, for example, TKT, CELTA, CELTYL (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Young Learners), ICELT (In-service Certificate in English Language Teaching). This will mean that teachers completed needed course. Therefore head teachers and more importantly parents will know that subject teacher has qualifications and certification to teach in English. The Parents perspective Most parents in Kazakhstan still support the introduction of trilingual education in schools. For voted 66% of mothers and fathers, while 81% said they want their children to know especially English. The information-analytical centre in cooperation with the Public Opinion Research Institute studied parents opinion about the transition to a new model of education and the level of students training. 1000 parents (urban 53.5%, rural 46.5%) took part in the survey. Researchers found that half of the respondents fully satisfied with the quality of English education in Kazakhstani schools, rest satisfied partially, the negative attitude expressed by 6%. As already mentioned the implementation of trilingual teaching was supported by 66% of parents. A quarter of respondents were against MoES initiative and 9% of parents had problems to answer. Main reasons of their concerns are related to the lack of teachers personnel and weak educational methodological base. Conclusion Kazakhstan is steadily changing its educational system towards corresponding to global trends. Educational reforms of Kazakhstan undoubtedly implementing to improve knowledge of students to become competitive in modern world realities. However, there are potential problems which may occur when implementing the reform. The main issues: a lack of teachers who can teach through English, lack of high-quality language learning materials, insufficient level of knowledge of teachers and students in rural areas. There is a general agreement amongst parents that subjects should be taught in the English language, however, some educators believe this is not possible in the current circumstances. In general, there is a concern that after implementation of trilingual education reform, development of state language will probably decrease as students will devote more time for both Russian and English language. The government should pay more attention to the development of intellectual and academic potential of students rather than the political and economic way of treatment education as shown in (Ball (1997), Tikly and Barrett, (2011)). Particularly research of Jones, Potter Ebrahim (2001) has been useful in providing ideas that educators should be given the opportunity to express their ideas and opinions; this will lead to the creation of shared approach for effective change. A full-scale launch of the trilingual education can be successful if a sufficient number of teachers who could teach in English in rural areas would be trained. One solution could be hiring foreign subject teachers for a long term. This might considerably support the implementation of trilingual education; however, it will cost a lot for the government. Overall, a wide range of work must be done, which requires sufficient human resources, time, effort, and financial investments. In this essay, I focused on the introduction of trilingual education in Kazakhstan and potential consequences of this reform in different stakeholders perspectives. I confirm that this topic should be investigated in more details since it was not possible to cover all the nuances due to resource, time and word limit constraints. The future research appears to be needed in the field of leadership and management of trilingual education in Kazakhstan. References Baimanov, D. (2016) Astana is experiencing the shortage of teachers and educators [online] Available at: http://dknews.kz/nehvatku-uchitelej-i-vospitatelej-ispy-ty-vaet-astana/ [Accessed 13 January 2017] Ball, S. J. (1997) Policy Sociology and Critical Social Research: A Personal Review of Recent Education Policy and Policy Research, British Educational Research Journal, 23, 3, pp.257-274. Bekturganova, B. (2016) We are responsible for our childrens future [online] Available at: http://www.inform.kz/ru/b-bekturganova-o-reforme-obrazovaniya-v-rk-my-otvetstvenny-za-buduschee-nashih-detey_a2892951 [Accessed 13 January 2017] Bridges, D (2014) Educational Reforms and Internationalisation: the case of School Reform in Kazakhstan, Cambridge University Press. Jones, Potter and Ebrahim (2001) Managing Curriculum Change in Schools, ERIC p20 Kapital. (2016) 66% of parents for the three languages in schools [online] Available at: https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/50391/za-trehyazychie-v-shkolah-66-roditelej.html [Accessed 14 January 2017] Kuchma, V. (2016) Reward and punishment of the Ministry of Education (Why the extension of the school year being criticised?) [online] Available at: https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/49389/knut-i-pryanik-ministerstva-obrazovaniya-rk.html [Accessed 13 January 2017] Kuchma, V. (2016) Big change in Kazakhstans schools [online] Available at: https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/49775/bolshaya-peremena-v-shkolah-kazahstana.html [Accessed 13 January 2017] Nazarbayev, N. (2007) Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to the People of Kazakhstan. [online] Available at: http://www.akorda.kz/ru/addresses/addresses_of_president/poslanie-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-nnazarbaeva-narodu-kazahstana-28-fevralya-2007-g [Accessed 18 January 2017] Nazarbayev, N. (2012) Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, Strategy Kazakhstan-2050: new political course of the established state [online] Available at: http://www.akorda.kz/en/events/astana_kazakhstan/participation_in_events/address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-leader-of-the-nation-nnazarbayev-strategy-kazakhstan-2050-new-political-course-of-the-established-state-1 [Accessed 14 January 2017] Sagadiev, E. (2016) The meaning of the introduction of trilingualism in Kazakhstan the total knowledge of the Kazakh language by population [online] Available at: http://www.inform.kz/ru/erlan-sagadiev-smysl-vnedreniya-treh-yazychiya-v-kazahstane-total-noe-znanie-kazahskogo-yazyka-naseleniem_a2897529 [Accessed 13 January 2017] Smith Sandvik (2012) Four Global Trends in Education (And Why They Matter) in MetaMetrics. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan(2010) State Program of Education Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020. [online] Available at: https://kaznmu.kz/eng/state-program-of-education-development-in-the-republic-of-kazakhstan/ [Accessed 18 January 2017] The Ministry of national economy and of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on statistics (2014) [online] The official statistical information Available at: http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2014?_adf.ctrl-state=17nhn6hpxp_4_afrLoop=14098389396800612#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D14098389396800612%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dere6z4bhw_9 [Accessed 13 January 2017] Tikly, L. Barrett, A. (2011) Social Justice, Capabilities and the Quality of Education in Low-Income Countries, International Journal of Educational Development. University of Cambridge (2017) Kazakhstan Programme [online] Available at: https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/centres/kazakhstan/ [Accessed 13 January 2017]

Disney Techno-Nature Essays -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disney Techno-Nature Like most Disney material, nature themes were incorporated into the earliest parks, including Adventureland, Frontierland, Nature’s Wonderland, and the newest, Animal Kingdom. Disney carefully edited these â€Å"natural† settings that show the less wild side of the wilderness. However, how does the tourist comprehend the illusions? How are the plants and animals adapting to reflect the illusion, and how are they accented by the interactions with both human nature and Disney’s technological nature? These questions and more will be answered within the following sections: Definitions, Technological Nature, Kilamanjaro Safari, and The Final Answer. The Animal Kingdom is a modern exhibit designed to follow the â€Å"natural pattern† of an African community. The most eye-popping attraction, the Kilamanjaro Safari, is an open-air, nearly barrier-free animal reserve at Florida’s Walt Disney World. It was a major shift from a cow playground to a zone of care for other wise caged animals. Here, African animals freely roam through acres of savanna, rivers, and rocky hills. The rider is advised to be aware, â€Å"You never know what could happen in the wilderness† (Tate 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definitions Before I can begin to consider the â€Å"nature† of the Animal Kingdom, the definitions of nature and technology must be established. Webster’s American College Dictionary lists nature as â€Å"the natural world as it exists without human beings or civilization.† In the case of the Animal Kingdom, this definition is inappropriate because Disney itself is a man-made civilization, with merchants, restaurants, and restroom facilities. Technology is defined as that â€Å"branch of knowledge that deals with applied science, engineering and the industrial arts.† This definition of technology can be reworked to fit the Disney model of nature. What exactly does Disney do? Disney applies technology to the Florida area. Technology has allowed for hundreds of acres of Florida land to be safely destroyed by means of controlled burning. With the help of technology, Disney has transported lonely zoo animals and put them in their â€Å"original† surroundings once again. Technology uprooted pieces of Africa to better care for African anim... ...hat make it real and separate it from the dangerous possibilities of nature. It is not to say that Disney’s Kilamanjaro Safari is naturalistically correct or incorrect; it is a representation, and not a reproduction of the true African savanna. How can nature be surpassed, you ask? Disney. That’s how. Works Cited Corliss, Richard. â€Å"Beauty and the Beasts.† Time Magazine; 20 April 1998:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66-70. Gunther, Marc. â€Å"Disney’s Call of the Wild.† Fortune Magazine; 13 April 1998:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120-124. King, Margaret J. â€Å"The Audience in the Wilderness: The Disney Nature Films.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Popular Film and Television 24.4 (1996): 60-68. Phillips, Dana. â€Å"Is Nature Necessary?† The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Literary Ecology. Eds. Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1996. 204-22. Mongeau, Lionel, former Disney Imagineer. Telephone interview.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 March 2000. Shklyanoy, Polina. â€Å"Out of the Bottle.† Advertising Age; 1 February 1999: 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Nail Biting

Nail Biting Do you constantly find yourself biting your nails off for no reason at all? Or have you ever thought about the damages caused by nail biting? Many people do not realize and know that there are medical affects and explanations for nail biting. Adults usually do not find themselves with this bad habit because nail biting is most common among kids and teens but mainly more within guys than girls. However regardless of gender or age nail biting can lead to unwanted consequences caused by stress, nervousness, or hunger. Unwanted consequences mainly consist with dental complications such as the chipping of your teeth.For most people, chipping a tooth is the only negative effect that biting your nails might have on your teeth. In fact, the book Pediatric Dentistry by Pinkham states: There is no evidence that nail biting can cause dental change other than minor enamel fractures. Nail biting can also cause a gap between your two front teeth. If the nail biting habit begins when th e child is very young, it has been reported to cause a gap between teeth. In addition causing gaps between your teeth can cause the roots of your teeth to become weaker. Nail biting during braces has been shown to cause root resorption.Last but not least nail biting can cause gingivitis. For example in the case report of a nine-year-old boy whose father called the dental office to describe his son's complaint of swelling of the gums surrounding the top front tooth. The patient came to the office the same day. The initial clinical examination revealed swelling of the gingival. During discussion with the parent and patient, the dentist noted that the patient's fingernails were bitten off. The patient and parent confirmed a habit of nail biting. Therefore the dentist removed from the gums a piece of nail that was compressed in.Nail biting can cause many dental complications however, what causes people to bit their nails? Many doctors and psychologists state that medical and psychologic al situations cause nail biting to occur without even realizing it. For example nail-biting is a common stress-relieving habit. Stress is that feeling you get when you're really worried about something. There are general factors that can lead to stress such as threats which include physical threats, social threats, financial threats, fears, and uncertainty. Therefore a common way people to react to stress is nail biting.A child or even an adult uses nail biting as a coping mechanism to relieve stuffed emotions. It has been documented that some people bite their nails in their sleep, sometimes wholly. This has been linked to stress while dreaming. Secondly, nervousness also leads to nail biting. When people are nervous, they fidget. Fidgeting involves moving with excitement. Hands, legs and other parts of the body make quick movements, with no particular aim. This is a reflex movement, initiated by the subconscious mind. This is a reaction to a tense situation. We do not know what to do but we know that we have to do something.Nail biting is one way of the body's response to the call for doing something. Children sometimes face an unpleasant situation. They commit a mischief and are caught. When they are confronted by their parents or teachers, they just stand biting their nails. This is a defense mechanism to prevent the children from doing an absurd act that could make the matter worse. Thirdly, as simple as this may sound, it has been revealed that some people who suffer from biting on their nails complains that they will only do so when they are feeling extremely hungry.Some will even go as far as to say that when they are hungry and they chew on their fingernails, they will get a soothing, as well as a comforting feeling that will sometimes drive away the hunger sensation. Several treatment measures may help you stop biting your nails. For example keeping your nails trimmed and filed, taking care of your nails can help reduce your nail-biting habit and enc ourage you to keep your nails attractive. Also try substituting another activity, such as drawing, writing when you find yourself biting your nails.Substituting nail biting can reduce the chances of getting dental complications. However it is important to keep in mind that psychological factors contribute to the bad habit of nail biting which is stress nervousness or hunger. These factors should be considered in stopping the reoccurrence of nail biting. http://www. nail-care-tips. com/nail-biting. php http://www. ehow. com/about_5097901_reasons-nail-biting. html http://www. tellinitlikeitis. net/2009/04/nail-biting-causes-consequences-cure-how-to-stop- biting-your-nails. html http://www. webmd. com/healthy-beauty/guide/stop-nail-biting-tips

Barriers To Effective Planning †Business Paper

Barriers To Effective Planning – Business Paper Free Online Research Papers Barriers To Effective Planning Business Paper Cronje, Du Toit, Marais and Motlatla (2004:141 142) statement is that, â€Å"planning is the starting point of the management process. Planning is the fundamental element of management that predetermines what the business proposes to accomplish and how it intends in realizing its goals. In other words, planning involves those activities of management that determine the mission and goals of an organization, the ways in which these are to be accomplished, and the deployment of the necessary resources to realize them. In short planning entails a systematic and intelligent exposition of the direction a business organization must follow to accomplish predetermined goals. Planning encapsulates the following three dimensions: ? The determination dimension: The business must determine what it wants to achieve by a specific date in future. This means that goals have to be formulated that will serve as guidelines for the business and its various departments and sub-departments. ? The decision-making dimension: The goals determine the actions that are necessary, or the way in which they might be accomplished. ? The future dimension: A goal is something to be accomplished in the future. Planning establishes a connection between the things that have to be done now to bring about a certain situation in the future.† ? As a fundamental element of management, planning is not only the starting point of the management process, but in a sense also the point around which management activities revolves. The goals and the plans determine the type of organization needed, the leadership required, and the control to be exercised to steer the business as productively as possible towards its goals.† My own statement about planning: â€Å"Planning include the organizations objectives or goals, establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals, and developing a comprehensive structure of plans to integrate and coordinate activities.† The focus on the first question will be to identify the barriers to effective planning and the measurements to overcome the barriers. First part: Identify barriers to effective planning: Stephen P. Robbins and David A. Decenzo (2004: 79 80) identify the following barriers to effective planning: ? â€Å"Planning may create rigidity: formal planning efforts can lock an organization into specific goals to be achieved within specific timetables. When these objectives were set, the assumption may have been made that the environment wouldn’t change during the time period the objectives cover. If that assumption is faulty, managers who follow a plan may have trouble. Rather than remaining flexible- and possibly scrapping the plan-managers who continue to do what is required to achieve the original objectives may not be able to cope with the changed environment. Forcing a course of action when the environment is fluid can be a recipe for disaster. ? Plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment: Today most organizations face dynamic change in their environments. If a basic assumption in making plans-that the environment won’t change-is faulty, then how can one make plans? We describe today’s business environment as chaotic, by definition, that means random and unpredictable. Managing chaos and turning disasters into opportunities require flexibility, and that may mean not being tied to formal plans. ? Formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity; Successful organizations are typically the result of someone’s vision, but these visions have a tendency to become formalized as they evolve. Formal efforts typically follow a methodology that includes a thorough investigation of the organization’s capabilities and opportunities and a mechanistic analysis that reduces the vision to a programmed routine. That can spell disaster for an organization. For instance, the rapid rise of Apple Computer in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s was attributed, in part, to the creativity and anticorporate attitudes of one of its co-founders, Steven Jobs. But as the company grew, Jobs felt a need for more formalized management, something he was uncomfortable performing. He hired a CEO, who ultimately ousted Jobs from his own company. With Job’s departure came increased organizational formality-the very thing Jobs despised because it hampered creativity . ? Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure; we’ve been taught that success breeds success. That has been an American tradition. After all, if it’s broken, don’t fix it.Right? Well, maybe not! Success may, in fact, breed failure in an uncertain environment. It is hard to change or discard successful plans-to leave the comfort of what works for the anxiety of the unknown. Successful plans, however, may provide a false sense of security-generating more confidence than they deserve. Managers often won’t deliberately face that unknown until they are forced to do so by changes in the environment. But by then, it may be too late†. Second part: And discuss the measures to overcome such barriers: Cronje, Du Toit, Marais and Motlatla (2004: 141 142) Identify the following measurements to overcome the barriers: ? â€Å"Management should recognize the limitations of planning and understand that Plans will require adjustments on an ongoing basis (Cronje,et ,al,2004). With respect to the degree of variability, the greater the uncertainty, the more plans should be of the short-term variety. That is, if rapid or important technological, social, economic, legal, or other changes are taking place, well-defined and precisely chartered routes are more likely to hinder an organization’s performance than to aid it. Shorter-term plans allow for more flexibility. ? Management should ensure effective communication of organizational plans at all levels (Mancosa Business Management 101 guideline). Planning establishes coordinated effort. It gives direction to managers and non-managers alike. When all organizational members understand where the organization is going and what they must contribute to reach the objectives, they can begin to coordinate their activities thereby fostering cooperation and teamwork. ? Planning compels managers to look to the future. It eliminates crisis management by obliging future-oriented management to anticipate threats in the environment, and to take steps in time to avert them. By looking back over the past and forward to the future, management can organize the present so that the future will be as prosperous as possible. ? Planning ensures that business keep abreast of technology. The influence of modern technology on contemporary businesses, especially in the development of complex products using complicated processes, makes heavy demands on planning. It takes about ten years to develop a supersonic aircraft or a military helicopter. It is very expensive in both time and money to launch such a project, and proper planning is critical to its success. ? Planning promotes stability. Probably the most important single factor-even in smaller or less complex business-that makes planning indispensable is rapid change in the business environment. Indeed, strategic planning has its origins in the very instability that has been one of the main characteristics of the business environment since the 1960s. Planning, therefore, encourages proactive management. In other words, management plays an active part in the future of the business†. Research Papers on Barriers To Effective Planning - Business PaperThe Project Managment Office SystemLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Hockey GameResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Lab Animal Experimentation essays

Lab Animal Experimentation essays My research paper is about lab animal experimentations the pros and cons of experiments, and alternatives to the experiments. I am discussing three types of experiments they are biomedical research specifically vivisection, the LD-50 test, and Draize testing. Each of the experiments is performed on many types of animals, however I will be focusing only on rabbits. I. Background on Lab Animal Experimentation A. Information that has been consulted about these experiments B. History of lab animal experimentation IV. Conclusion: How the alternatives produce better results Laboratory animal experimentation is performed to find cures for the ill and medicine to prevent illness. Sounds like a good idea to me. But have you ever thought of experimentation from the perspective of an animal? Put yourself in their shoes. Lets take it from the beginning. You are born in a laboratory, then bred in the laboratory, meanwhile being caged in the laboratory. You are constantly tortured in the laboratory, and finally you die in that laboratory. Not the way I ever would expect my life to be, but then I am a human, not an animal. Yet are not humans animals? We are classified as being in the same kingdom. So what gives humans the right to give and take the life of an innocent animal? Not just one animal but also millions of animals. "Every second of every day of every year, an animal dies in an experiment in the United States"("Last Chance For Animals" 1). There are millions of animals killed each year in laboratories some are recorded some are not. There is little rep orted about laboratories because of their strict security and confidentiality. Never the less I have found many sources telling of the agonizing tests rendered to these helpless animals. I found it very intriguing that many of the authors are scientists themselves, or were scientists at one point in their life. The first book I came across is, Lab Animal Abuse: Vivisection Expose...

Elies life essays

Elie's life essays In World War II and the diseased mind of Hitler were the factors the led to the Genocide. People who were not the superior race in Hitlers opinion didnt deserve to live. Jews were the targets of the extermination. To establish his plan Hitler created Concentration Camps, where people were forced to work. Those that were considered useless became fuel for the gas chambers and crematory. Hitlers long-term goal was to wipe out all the Jews. In the book, Night, by Elie Wiesel, the author retells the unforgettable distress and suffering that he goes through while he is in the concentration camps. In this novel, Elie helps us realize and visualize the brutality and madness of the camps and SS officers. His struggle for survival and the horror that he is exposed to changes his life forever. Elies experiences at the camp have a dramatic impact on his faith, his relationship with his father and his innocence. Elie says something very strong Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never I shall forget the nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget those things, even when I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.(pg.32) By reading this quote you can hear Elie Wiesel anguish and what an impact concentration camps had on his faith. Before he was exposed to other mans madness and brutality he had faith in God and lived for him. He respected God by attending synagogue, study of Talmud and determination to comprehend the cabala. His own suffering and that of other people made him question is there God, in who he believed in for so many years. He wonders why has God abandoned His people, and why is he letting so many innocent people suffer. What have they done to deserve such punishment? Despite his quest ions he does ...

Corporate Management & Finance - Assignment 3 Essay

Corporate Management & Finance - Assignment 3 - Essay Example Carillion Company has also, in the past been involved in facility management, infrastructure and buildings management, and construction of major public infrastructures (Carillion, 2013). The objectives of the firms are qualitative and quantitative in nature due to the mission statements of the diverse firms. The current and future objectives of the three firms are relatively differentiated. The divergence of the firms current and future objectives are reflected by the measurement criteria employment by the firms. Even though the core objectives of the firms currently and future is to remain profitable and offer services and goods that are of high quality, the achievement of the objectives measurement of the firms differ relatively. The direction under which the three firms employ in achieving their operational objectives can be considered to be different. Corporate social responsibility is one of the main objectives of the firms in undertaking their operations. The corporate social responsibilities of the firms are the reflected in their vision and value statements to the public. Corporate social responsibilities have been adopted by the firms in helping them to connect with the market through positive reputation that is essential in promoting their operations positively. However, the f irms do not employ quantitative measures of the corporate social responsibility achievements. Another aspect of the three firms is their core and threshold competencies that enable the firms in operating in the firm. The core and threshold competencies of Carillion firm are based on three capabilities of project finance, support services and construction services (Carillion, 2013). Project finance core competency of the organization helps the firm in to deliver asset-based services to the public sector. This is essential in allowing the firm to be attractive to the public sector customer on construction capabilities. Construction

Hominins Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hominins - Assignment Example The original airing of the film was on March 27, 2003. It reveals the events that occurred nearly three million years ago (Turner 67). Professor Winston achieves to trace the history of humankind from the ape-man to the upright man. The film also captures the main points such as stone tool manufacture, meat eating, extended childhood, and bipedalism. The development stages start with an Afarensis, Lucy, also called the â€Å"First Ancestor.† The ape was the first primate to walk on two legs. Lucy’s societies engage in leadership conflict. The film focuses on the bipedality of the species. The second species is â€Å"Blood Bothers† that mainly dominates East Africa. The species consists of Homo habilis, Paranthropus boisei, and Homo rudolfensis. The third species in the tree is â€Å"Savage Family† which consists of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster (Barry, Robert, and Lynn 56). The setting of the species is Kenya and China. The last species in the species is â€Å"The Survivor† that includes Homo sapiens idaltu, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal and Homo heidelbergensis. The film has the strengths of enabling the audience to understand the evolution of human beings successfully. It presents the species as they occur in n orderly manner. It does well in covering the main these and events in human evolution. It gives detailed explanations on the environmental factors that could have influenced the species to acquire their distinct characteristics (Turner 79). The films use special effects from the latest scientific theories to enable the audience understand t easily. The film uses good visual effects that appeal to the audience. Though the film achieves to provide a comprehensive explanation about the evolution of human beings, it has some flaws. It uses a weak theory. For instance, it does not analyze the factors that the species were responding to when acquiring specific features. Strong theories should

Early childhood education in relation to children with additional Essay

Early childhood education in relation to children with additional needs - Essay Example The early years in the life of a child are considered to be crucial since they form a foundation of their future. At this stage the child goes through developmental and learning stages. There are children with specialized or additional needs including physical and mental disabilities, children from ethnic minority groups and those from low income families. Early childhood educator should be equipped with the skills to identify such children and treat them accordingly. Childhood settings should on the other hand provide the right facilities and resources to ensure that the children get the appropriate care. The family has a role to play in identification of the children. Identification at early age benefits the child since they start receiving specialized treatment with immediate effect. Changes should be effected to improve the treatment and address their needs early enough. Keywords: Early childhood education, Childhood educators and Childhood settings.The early years (from birth to five years of age) in the life of a child are considered to be very important. At this age, children go through a variety of learning stages each while making great steps and the lessons learnt form an important foundation for experiences in their later life. Children go through developmental and learning processes and parents and childhood educators need to help them develop their mental, emotional, physical and creative skills in fun and enjoyable manner as explained by Ashman and Elkins (2009).

ISOO 9001 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ISOO 9001 - Research Paper Example This tool is viewed to be high above a standard measure. It touches on the daily practices of an organization therefore, affecting the quality of services (Steyn, 2012). Charts, diagrams and tables are used to illustrate the planning, implementation, control, and documentation of this quality management structure. Below is a sample of a flow chart There are various tools in this system as discussed below; Customer focus In the application of this tool, the organization focuses on the needs and preferences of the customers. The organization puts up a system that ensures there is effective communication between the organization and the customers (Steyn, 2012). The customers are free to make enquiries and recommendations. The organization is able to get feedback from customers. When producing, the organization ensures products are in accordance to consumer expectations. General processes in an organization affect the final product that is released to consumer. Given that the organizatio n focus on the needs of the customers, all the activities are geared towards ensuring that the final products are according the needs in the market. There is good relationship between the customers and the organization, the customers are satisfied by the quality and quantity of the products and they can access these products at fair prices. Organizations that use the customer focus tool; have embraced it because they have been compelled by the customers. Additionally, realizing competitors have embraced this system; these organizations have been left with no alternative (Drori, 2013). The companies have however found this tool to be significant in their performance. 1. Leadership This tool is applicable in the top management level of an organization. The management body, in implementation of this tool, should focus on the communication, planning, provision of adequate resources, and reviews of the performance. It is through good leadership in an organization that the staff is motiva ted and the organizations’ goals are met without compromise. The leadership provides good working environment hence increase in the output (Steyn, 2012). The organization’s reputation and image is improved. It is not possible to underestimate the senior management’s role in an organization. Therefore, the leaders of organization should understand and articulate the organizations goals clearly.   Ã‚   2. Involvement of people In order to realize the objectives of the organization, the top management should work with other people both within and outside the organization. There should be effective communication to ensure smooth operations within the organization (Watson, & Howarth, 2011). Powers and responsibilities of individuals in the organization should be clearly stated. This important because each person is ware is his duties and the ranks are clear. This motivates the employees and reduces conflicts and time wastage. Senior manager should be given the resp onsibility of ensuring overall smooth running of the organization. 3. Process approach The operation processes in an organization should be kept in check. This entails checking performance scope. There should be effective means to control the processes in the organization. This tool can be implemented through developing list of steps to follow in the organization. Additionally, there should be tracking system that enables one to evaluate the production processes (Watson, & Howart

Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harriet Beecher Stowe - Essay Example Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most famous female abolitionists and authors of the 19th century. Her writings fueled the anti-slavery movements before the Civil War. She used religion and family to connect with her white readers and relate the African American community to them. Stowe later housed fugitives on the Underground Railroad while living with her husband in Brunswick, Maine. She wrote and expressed her opinions at a time when women were repressed. She had no rights to vote or hold office but she made her opinions known and began the public debate on slavery and abolition. Her upbringing contributed to her anti-slavery feelings. Her father was a preacher and he encouraged his children to take action to better society. She was the middle child and had 11 siblings. Six of her brothers became ministers and her older sister pioneered education for women in the early nineteenth century. Stowe had a very self-righteous upbringing from her parents and this encouraged her to take a stand for social justice.

Hip Hop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10750 words

Hip Hop Culture - Research Paper Example In order to begin to explore the history of the development of hip hop, it would be appropriate to familiarize with such a direction in music, like rap, which is translated literally and means - rhythmic poetry (rap with a stick). First, it would be appropriate to discuss how all this happened in America – motherland of hip hop, and then look at this event in Russian culture. The history of hip hop began in 1969 in South Bronx - the black ghettos of New York. However, the word â€Å"hip hop† itself did not exist yet - DJ Africa Bambaataa invented it five years later when this culture had required a general title. And in 1969 another legendary DJ, Cool Herk, coined another word: â€Å"b-boys† - short for â€Å"break boys† – â€Å"the boys, dancing in the breaks.† So, Cool Herk invented the word â€Å"b-boys†. Its original content was innocent, but society, as always, deciphered it in its own way, assuming the young shoots disco as â€Å"bad boys† – â€Å"hooligans.† Their girlfriends were named as â€Å"flygirls† – â€Å"fly†, pretty, outdoor shots dressed girls. As always, young people proudly raised the banner of these names on - and the culture of hip hop hatch to the world. Cool Herk moved to the Bronx from Jamaica - and brought the tradition of the Kingston street dances to which the DJ turns on the plate with reggae, and poets start their recitative. But it was not music, but in the street, the independence of these events and the leading role of the DJ. Prior to this, the American DJ was a hired ‘horse’ in the big clubs and put what the owners wanted it off.

ISOO 9001 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ISOO 9001 - Research Paper Example This tool is viewed to be high above a standard measure. It touches on the daily practices of an organization therefore, affecting the quality of services (Steyn, 2012). Charts, diagrams and tables are used to illustrate the planning, implementation, control, and documentation of this quality management structure. Below is a sample of a flow chart There are various tools in this system as discussed below; Customer focus In the application of this tool, the organization focuses on the needs and preferences of the customers. The organization puts up a system that ensures there is effective communication between the organization and the customers (Steyn, 2012). The customers are free to make enquiries and recommendations. The organization is able to get feedback from customers. When producing, the organization ensures products are in accordance to consumer expectations. General processes in an organization affect the final product that is released to consumer. Given that the organizatio n focus on the needs of the customers, all the activities are geared towards ensuring that the final products are according the needs in the market. There is good relationship between the customers and the organization, the customers are satisfied by the quality and quantity of the products and they can access these products at fair prices. Organizations that use the customer focus tool; have embraced it because they have been compelled by the customers. Additionally, realizing competitors have embraced this system; these organizations have been left with no alternative (Drori, 2013). The companies have however found this tool to be significant in their performance. 1. Leadership This tool is applicable in the top management level of an organization. The management body, in implementation of this tool, should focus on the communication, planning, provision of adequate resources, and reviews of the performance. It is through good leadership in an organization that the staff is motiva ted and the organizations’ goals are met without compromise. The leadership provides good working environment hence increase in the output (Steyn, 2012). The organization’s reputation and image is improved. It is not possible to underestimate the senior management’s role in an organization. Therefore, the leaders of organization should understand and articulate the organizations goals clearly.   Ã‚   2. Involvement of people In order to realize the objectives of the organization, the top management should work with other people both within and outside the organization. There should be effective communication to ensure smooth operations within the organization (Watson, & Howarth, 2011). Powers and responsibilities of individuals in the organization should be clearly stated. This important because each person is ware is his duties and the ranks are clear. This motivates the employees and reduces conflicts and time wastage. Senior manager should be given the resp onsibility of ensuring overall smooth running of the organization. 3. Process approach The operation processes in an organization should be kept in check. This entails checking performance scope. There should be effective means to control the processes in the organization. This tool can be implemented through developing list of steps to follow in the organization. Additionally, there should be tracking system that enables one to evaluate the production processes (Watson, & Howart

Hip Hop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10750 words

Hip Hop Culture - Research Paper Example In order to begin to explore the history of the development of hip hop, it would be appropriate to familiarize with such a direction in music, like rap, which is translated literally and means - rhythmic poetry (rap with a stick). First, it would be appropriate to discuss how all this happened in America – motherland of hip hop, and then look at this event in Russian culture. The history of hip hop began in 1969 in South Bronx - the black ghettos of New York. However, the word â€Å"hip hop† itself did not exist yet - DJ Africa Bambaataa invented it five years later when this culture had required a general title. And in 1969 another legendary DJ, Cool Herk, coined another word: â€Å"b-boys† - short for â€Å"break boys† – â€Å"the boys, dancing in the breaks.† So, Cool Herk invented the word â€Å"b-boys†. Its original content was innocent, but society, as always, deciphered it in its own way, assuming the young shoots disco as â€Å"bad boys† – â€Å"hooligans.† Their girlfriends were named as â€Å"flygirls† – â€Å"fly†, pretty, outdoor shots dressed girls. As always, young people proudly raised the banner of these names on - and the culture of hip hop hatch to the world. Cool Herk moved to the Bronx from Jamaica - and brought the tradition of the Kingston street dances to which the DJ turns on the plate with reggae, and poets start their recitative. But it was not music, but in the street, the independence of these events and the leading role of the DJ. Prior to this, the American DJ was a hired ‘horse’ in the big clubs and put what the owners wanted it off.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework Essay Example for Free

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework Essay In the novel, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde which was written by Stevenson in 1886, a doctor known as Henry Jekyll is curious to know if it is possible to separate the two sides of human nature, good and evil. In his basement he creates a concoction to try and this is were Mr Hyde is introduced to the story. Jekyll drinks the potion and transforms into Hyde. Hyde is a prime example of pure evil, the complete opposite of Dr Jekyll but later on he is taken over by Hyde and it shows through him wanting to transform again after all of the crimes committed by his dark side. Stevensons objective for the novel was to get the reader to realize that nobody is perfect and everybody has a dark side to their personality. The Victorian era started in 1837 and ended in1901. This was how long Queen Victoria ruled for. Society in London was very posh and rich during that era. In the novel Dr Jekyll is one of these rich people. Although London was said to be a civilised place there were actually a few criminals who committed horrific rapes, decapitations and murders. Jack the ripper is one of them. This side of society back then represents Mr Hyde. London back then had dark fogy nights and some rainy nights, identical to the nights described in Jekyll and Hyde. nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season as the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street. The setting is choosing Mr Uttersons path. The setting gives a picture that evil is trying to pick out Uttersons path, luring him into evil. The Fog gives the audience an airy and tense atmosphere. You feel that anything could happen and that evil is lurking somewhere beyond the fog but it is undetectable. Just like Mr Hyde, whatever will happen next is unpredictable. There is also a sense of suspicion as the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street. We wonder why the fog shows him a dingy street which is most likely infested with evil beings and we also wonder if Mr Utterson is wandering into a trap and this intensifies the suspence. Evil masterminds arent handsome and this shows when Hyde looks into the mirror for the first time for the audience to see. He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance, something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked He sounds like a hideous monster, deformed and gives the woman a feeling of hatred when she sees him. Most villains look discomforting like the ones in movies. Jekyll on the other hand is the complete opposite, handsome and liked by the women in the novel. This shows the difference between the good and evil in the novel and contributes to Stevensons objective of getting the reader to see the difference between good and evil. Hydes actions are animalistic and he shows a sign of superhuman strength when he beats Carew so rapidly his cane snaps and Carew dies. This emphasizes his anger towards Carew and this unprovoked attack is so brutal, it makes the made at the window faint from shock. and at that Mr Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under his foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway. At the horror of these sights, the maid fainted. This description shows how relentless Hyde is and he doesnt hold back his anger and lets loose a barrage of bone shattering blows. It is clear to the audience that he has channelled his anger into his physical strength then unleashes is all on Carew and the fact that Carew is beaten to death further expresses his anger and hatred towards Carew. His actions gives us an insight of what he is physically capable of doing and also makes us wonder if he is a human or a savage beast with intense strength. Back in those times reputation was a key factor to a well known wealthy persons life and Hyde lives on a dull dingy street whereas Jekyll lives in his humble abode to avoid being found out by Utterson and Enfield. They both are suspicious about Jekyll and want to find him out but they are unsure if they should ruin his reputation, so instead they keep a close eye on him and ask him a few questions. The information they find out they want to keep to themselves because they dont want to ruin Jekylls reputation in case he is innocent. Utterson and his acquaintance Mr Enfield do all they can to identify who Hyde really is. What gets them thinking is when Hyde tramples calmly over the little girl and Utterson wants Hyde to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 compensation and when he does, they realize that it is signed by Dr Henry Jekyll but they both promise never to talk about the case again, so they dont let it out into the public. Hyde is able to stay hidden from the two lawyers because of the area he lives in. The area is dirty, dingy, smelly and full of the low classed people. This way Hyde can keep a low profile and high status people wont voyage into this area and spot Hyde. He blends in with all of the citizens there. The women are poor and very savage and referred to as Wild harpies And all the time, as we were pitching it in red hot, we were keeping the women off him as best we could, for they were as wild as harpies This quote emphasizes the violent side to these women. They have unleashed their dark side, just like Hyde was unleashed from Jekyll and when Hyde gets into trouble, a woman laughs and says he deserves it. This lady shows her dark side and no remorse at this comment towards Mr Hyde. This makes you realize that not only Dr Jekyll has an evil side to his personality. This also makes us realise that everyone has an evil side to their personality. Stevenson presents the evil side of human nature in his novel, however he also captures the good side of human nature and this is shown when Henry Jekyll admits to his own guilt. The pleasures which I made haste to seek my disguise were, as I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in the hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn towards monstrous it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty. Jekyll was no worse. Dr Jekyll is admitting to his mistakes and he reveals to us that Hyde was his disguise. He is taking responsibility for unleashing his dark side which is Hyde and refers to his actions as undignified. This shows that there is a good side to every human and he has displayed this through revealing that Hyde was to blame for all of the crimes committed and that Jekyll (his good side) was no worse. Overall Stevenson has shown us that no human is perfect. Everyone has a darker side to their personality. Good and evil is a regular part of human nature. Stevenson makes us realise that we are all capable of doing bad things but all choose not to for a variety of reasons.

How Organizations Ensure Job Satisfaction

How Organizations Ensure Job Satisfaction INTRODUCTION The world has been changing into the global village quite rapidly since the beginning of 21st century. Gone are the days of dark ages when employers could exploit their workers by receiving maximum output in exchange with no or awfully minimal rewards or incentives. In todays world, due to improved communication networks, one cannot keep others in dark about their rights and organizations have to fulfill their responsibilities according to the global standards. Similarly, the world of internet has enabled people to link themselves with others through websites. This new reality is working towards the objective of creating new sociological arrangements within the context ofÂÂ  culture, and same is the case with corporate culture. After realizing the force of competitiveness in global markets and between individual organizations, it has become really essential for any organization to make certain that it develops and keep holding a kind of personnel that is dedicated and faithful w ith the organization for an unlimited time. The workers or employees who are happy and satisfied with the work that they are assigned to do, or by the culture of the organization regarding relations with their employees ultimately feel motivated to continue their relationship with that organization as a faithful, devoted, committed and talented workforce. But many theorists feel that a great number of employees do not have this level of job satisfaction that they can be taken as motivated towards achieving the goals of the organization. Because of this unsatisfied nature of the employees, they keep seeking for alternate job resources where they may be able to experience a higher degree of job satisfaction. A high degree of job satisfaction shows high retention rate and low turnover rate. In other words, turn over rate can be taken as a measure of Job satisfaction level of the employees in any organization. The organizations that fail to retain their able and talented workforce and cannot make them loyal to the organizational g oals face problems in escalating their production level and profitability. Finck, Timmers and Mennes (1998) highlighted the problem that the business excellence can be achieved only when employees are excited by what they do, i.e. the employees should be satisfied with their work and job conditions in order to achieve high goals of an organization. Employee motivation and its link to job satisfaction of employees has been a matter of study for ages. Managers have to rely on their human resources to get things done and therefore need to know what factors would be most helpful for them in having a workforce that has a high level of job satisfaction. Making employees motivated is considered as a factor that has a power of making workers satisfied with their jobs. But this is an understood fact that one cannot directly motivate others; one can just create the conditions where people feel motivated themselves. Spector (2003) says that a number of factors can help in motivating people at work, some of which are tangible, such as money, and some of which are intangible, such as a sense of achievement. The accomplishment of any organization greatly depends on the contribution of its labor force. This is also said that such contributions are triggered by those features of peoples work environment that motivate them to devote more material and intellectual vigor into their work. In this way the organizations objectives are chased and accomplished. Motivation and job satisfaction are therefore regarded as key determinants of organizational success, both of which have an inter link between themselves. In order to have a highly productive and loyal workforce, organizations strive to take measures that would create a feeling of satisfaction and well being in their workers. But does it really matter, or is it only a common myth that the aspect of motivation does have an influence on the job satisfaction level of the employees. The aim of this study is to observe the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction of employees and to authenticate it through statistical measures. 1.2 Concepts of Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction Definitions of employee motivation: The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, which means to move (Baron, Henley, McGibbon McCarthy, 2002). This means that motivation is a kind of energy that helps people in advancing towards the achievement of some certain goals. A great number of researchers over the years have been studying the concept of motivation and have been trying to extract the true definition of motivation but motivation can not be defined in explicit manner. Rather, motivation can be taken as a phenomenon or a concept instead of a simple remark. Campbell and Pritchard (1976) defined motivation as a label for the determinants of the choice to begin effort on a certain task, the choice to expend a certain amount of effort, and the choice to persist in expending effort over a period of time. Therefore, motivation is considered as an individuals behavior which is the result of some inter-related factors where some variables have to be taken as constants such as individuals skills, abilities and knowledge. There are a lot of perspectives about motivation; some of them are given below. Beck (1983) stated that four basic philosophies trigger a variety of angles about motivation on workplace. According to him, a man can be about his economic conditions, he wants to involve in more social activities and strong social relations, he wants to satisfy his need of self-actualization, or he may be a mixture of all the above mentioned needs. Theories that are about the rational economic man assume only the power of economic conditions on the overall behavior of a man. These theories assume that men are rational and they may make a right decision for their economic well being. The organizations that emphasize on the extrinsic rewards for their employees for example pay raise or fringe benefits actually follow this school of thought that man is rational about his economic conditions. Second kind of theories assume that the basic need of a man is only being social, these theories assume that man is mainly motivated by his social needs such as making friends and having good relationship with their colleagues. In this case, organizations want to make a more conducive and happy environment where their employees are satisfied with the people around them and where they can maintain good inter-relationship with the people t their workplace. Third perspective of motivation, according to theorists, is that a mans basic need is self actualization. It says that people can be motivated through intrinsic measures as they get pleasure in making good job and receiving compliments in response to a good job. That is, people derive satisfaction through their accomplishments. Organizations that believe in this approach may make a system where rewards are based on high performance. Lastly, the complex man approach argues that there is a much more complex system about motivation of people and this can be based on many factors such as emotions, motives, abilities and experiences. These factors may change their places on the scale from high to low or from low to high level from time to time. The changes in these levels are because of newly learnt behaviours of people as time passes. All of these above mentioned perspectives of motivation have triggered the researchers and theorists to present a number of different definitions about motivation. According to Schultz and Schultz (1998), motivation can be regarded as only the characteristics of people at workplace or personal characteristics of people that may explain the behaviour of people on their job. Some authors are of the view that intrinsic conditions are more powerful than the work related characteristics of a person. Spector (2003) regarded motivation as inner state of mind of a person that persuades him to involve in some particular kind of behaviours. Spector argued that motivation may be studied from two perspectives. One perspective, according to him is that motivation is the direction for behaviour to develop that people choose from a number of behaviours. The intensity of such behaviour can differ with the amount of effort that is required to be put in a task to accomplish. The second perspective is that an individual gets motivated by the desire to attain some particular goals. This motivation is derived from a persons individual needs and desires. Petri (1996) also stated that motivation can be taken as a force that acts on an individual to start and take initiative in showing some special behaviour. This theory explains that why it happens that some behaviour is mor e intense than others in particular situations, but not in others. The definition of motivation according to Gouws (1995) is that motivation originates from within an individuals own self, either consciously or unconsciously, to fulfill a given task with success because the person takes pleasure in fulfilling this particular job, rewards from others are not important for such kind of individuals who are motivated intrinsically. Beach (1980) regarded motivation as a readiness to use up energy to achieve a target or incentive. According to him, behaviours tend to be repeated when they are rewarded by others, but the behaviours that are not properly rewarded or are punished will tend to die with the passage of time. He, however, recognized that intrinsic motivation has a link with the job content and it comes in light when people are satisfied by performing some activity or just by involving in some kind of activity. Van Niekerk (1987) regarded motivation at workplace as created by the workplace environment and conditions that exert an influence on workers to perform some kind of activity by their own wish. According to him, workers want to reach some specific goals to have an inner satisfaction and to satisfy their own needs. Pinder (1998) gave his idea by keeping in mind the work place of organizations. He explained work motivation as a set of internal and external forces that help in initiating behaviours that are work related. According to the definition of Pinder (1980), work motivation has features that are invisible, and they are created from a persons inner self and that researchers therefore must rely on the theories that are already established in order to have some guidance in measuring work motivation. For the purpose of this particular study, employee motivation is taken as an instinctive force, that is maintained and shaped by a set of personal characteristics as well as workforce characteristics, that depend on the particular needs and motives of the workers. As it is already mentioned above, the concept of motivation is of very high importance with regard to the effectiveness of an organization, as many researches show that motivation creates a link between job satisfaction and job performance of the employees, and job performance is the determinant of profitability and success of the organization. So, in order to make their employees optimally motivated, it is necessary for an organization to focus on the factors in job content that result in employee motivation and job satisfaction. It is quite necessary for the managers and leaders to have a good knowledge about different motivational theories in order to have an effective management. Managers and leaders would need to choose the right theory to motivate a particular person in a particular situation and therefore have higher-performing and more satisfied employees. Here we are going to discuss different theories of motivation and a critical view of these theories. These motivation theories are categorized as: Need Theories of Motivation, Cognitive Theories of Motivation, and Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Motivation can be regarded as a widely researched concept in the field of management and behaviour sciences. The concept of motivation is drawn on a broad spectrum as it is based on a variety of perspectives. But all of these perspectives have not been of same influence as they had once they were presented by theorists. One example of less influential perspectives is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory (Wicker Wiehe, 1999). But their contribution in this regard cannot be neglected and denied as the basis of motivation theories have originated from these perspectives. Motivation theories are generally categorized into three classes; these classes are named as, Need theories of motivation, cognitive theories of motivation, and reinforcement theories of motivation. (Baron et al., 2002). Needs Based Theories of Motivation Need theories of motivation are also named as content theories as they explain the substance of motivation (Hadebe, 2001). These theories propose that internal states of mind of individuals invigorate and express their behaviours. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs is considered as most common theory in the field of motivation research (Van Niekerk, 1987). It as introduced by Abraham Maslow in 1943. The basic principle of the theory is that people get motivated by their urge to fulfill their needs, or shortcomings. These needs may be grouped in five categories. This theory also argues that all these needs come in hierarchical shape where lower order needs have to be satisfied first before going to the higher order needs (Gouws, 1995). Maslow (1968) emphasized that gratification of one basic need opens consciousness to domination by another. These needs are numbered below going from lower level to higher level needs. Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs, Egotistical needs, and Self-actualization needs Physiological needs are the basic needs of a man necessary for his survival, e.g. hunger or thirst. Safety needs do not only mean that a person wants physical safety and security of life. Rather it also means personal security such as a safe and secure job life without any tension. Social needs are referred to as a wish to have friends and family from which a person derives internal pleasure and love. Whereas egotistical needs are based on a persons desire to have a respectable and familiar personality in his society. Self-actualization need is the top most need in the hierarchy of needs as it stands for a persons motivation towards the full growth of his prospective personality, which is basically never totally achieved (Gouws, 1995). Existence-Relatedness-Growth (ERG) theory The theory presented by Alderfer is in fact an expansion of Abraham Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs. Alderfer presented the argument that human needs are not based on hierarchical level, rather they reside on a continuum (Spector, 2003). Alderfer reduced Maslows five needs into only three needs, which he termed as Existence, Relatedness and Growth hence termed as ERG theory. Existence is basically the need of a human being to survive physically from hunger and fear, Relatedness need is attached with the social needs of a man and Growth is basically the need of a person to grow personally and develop his or her personality. Alderfer put emphasis on the argument that as these needs occur on a continuum, all these needs can be experienced at a time. (Alderfer, 1969). Regardless of the fact that Maslows hierarchy of needs theory gathered very less support from empirical data, his theory had a positive effect on the policies of organizations as now managers policies could be more focused on the basic needs of employees. Also the highest level need in the hierarchy that is self-actualization need has been accepted by executives and managers who are now considering it as a compelling motivator (Schultz Schultz, 1998). Herzbergs two-factor theory Frederick Herzbergs Two-Factor theory is a well known theory in the study of motivation concept. Herzberg developed this theory in 1954 while he was studying the behaviours of the workers towards their jobs (Gouws, 1995). In fact, Herzberg wanted to study the behaviour of workers in order to judge their job satisfaction measures, but over the time this study got its reputation as motivation theory due to its motivational factors (Baron et al., 2002). Beach (1980) gave his opinion this theory represents aspects that are related to motivation at work place rather than general human motivation factors. The hygiene factors may be associated with lower order needs in the Maslows hierarchy of needs. These hygiene factors are placed on a continuum from the factors which cause dissatisfaction going towards the factors which cause no dissatisfaction. The point to be noted here is that the here no dissatisfaction does not mean satisfaction, as these factor involve such kind of circumstances that help in preventing dissatisfaction but they do not lead to job satisfaction. Some examples of these hygiene factors include the job status of employees, level of supervision, work conditions, pay and benefits and interpersonal relationships (Herzberg, 1966). Motivators are the factors that produce satisfaction in the employees and the absence of these factors would result in no satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction. The presence of these factors has a positive impact on the employee performance and job productivity. These factors may be associated with Maslows higher order needs in hierarchy but they are placed on a continuum from the factors which are highly motivated to the factors that are highly unmotivated. Job contents such as pleasure of performance, recognition level, opportunities of advancement and promotion are included in motivator factors (Herzberg, 1966). This theory has shown a great impact on the organizational psychology as now organizations are giving their employees a greater opportunity to plan and perform their own job descriptions (Baron et al., 2002). The two-factor theory has been very effective in the sense that now employees get the work that is pleasurable and meaningful for them (Spector, 2003). McGregors Theory X and Theory Y Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor (1960) correspond to an expansion of his thoughts on motivation to the course and organization of employees in the workplace. McGregors theory X postulates that people do not take interest in their work and try to get rid of making any effort to accomplish the task, so they have to be coerced and pressurized by some strict actions so that they perform up to the desired level. In his theory, the common man is believed to be a highly unmotivated person and lacks the sense of responsibility. He only strives to meet his lower order needs. They are selfish, and do not consider and care about organizational goals. In contrast of theory X, theory Y has a more modern approach to motivation. . it postulates that people seem to be highly motivated toward achievement of organizational goals, they are keen to discipline themselves, they are eager to take up responsibility, and are talented enough to create solutions for problems. McGregor then regarded T heory Y as a more truthful and rational description of human behaviour and attitudes, since it represents the incorporation of individual and organizational goals. However, McGregor acknowledged the fact that the theory does not propose a complete clarification for employee motivation (McGregor, 1960). McClellands learned needs theory McClellands theory is also referred as three needs theory. McClelland argues that the people who are achievement oriented strive to meet their three needs that are: the need for power (nPow), the need for affiliation (nAff), and the need for achievement (nAch). nPow denotes that people strive for a control over others, they want to influence others behaviour and be responsible for their behaviour. The nAff refers to the desire to create and uphold enjoyable relations with other around them. The nAch is the need to compete with others and to succeed in achieving goals et by the individuals themselves. According to McClelland these needs are not instinctive, but these are obtained through experience and learning (McClelland, 1987). Cognitive Theories: Cognitive theories present motivation as a process of cognition or inner thoughts, values and beliefs which are used by people when they want to make some choice regarding their behaviour at work (Schultz Schultz, 1998). Equity theory Equity theory was first introduced by Stacy Adams in 1965. Its basic principle is that individuals are motivated to attain a state of equity and fairness in their connections with other people, and with the organizations that they are working for (Adams, 1965). People make judgments or comparisons between their own and their companions or competitors inputs at workplace, e.g. their experience, qualifications, efforts and the outcomes that they receive as a result e.g. fringe benefits and pay, working conditions and status at job. Then they allocate weights to these effort and outcomes according to their significance and magnitude to themselves. The summed total of these efforts and outcomes creates an input/output ratio. This input/output ratio is the key factor in terms of motivation. A state of equity means that the output/input ratios of a person are equal to the ratio of others. If the inequity exists in this ratio, the person wants to change it by reducing one factor i.e. effort or enhancing the other one i.e. outcome. Apparent state of inequity by the person is consequently the foundation for motivation (Baron et al., 2002). This theory helped in providing the foundation to study the motivational repercussions of apparent injustice and biasness in the place of work. It also put down the basis for more fresh theories on justice (how job requirements and rewards are rewards are determined) (Cropanzano Folger, 1996). Goal-setting theory Edwin Locke proposed Goal-setting theory in 1968 (Beck, 1983). Spector (2003) portrayed this viewpoint on motivation as the theory that the internal intentions of people motivate their behaviours; it can be explained by the fact that that the behaviours are established by people needs to achieve a certain goal. Locke and Henne (1986) explained that behaviours are affected by goals in four ways. According to them, individuals are concerned with the behaviours that they believe would result in achievement of some particular goal; they assemble effort to reach the goal; they add up to the persons diligence which results in spending more time on the behaviours that are necessary to reach the preferred goal; they inspire the persons quest for successful policies for goal attainment. The prerequisites for goals before setting them are; they should be specific, challenging, attainable, need commitment, need regular feedback, and self-set by the individual. Only then individuals get motivated by the goals. Expectancy theory Vroom presented his expectancy theory in 1967 in which he argued that peoples behaviour is based on their expectations and beliefs about future events, which are extremely important and beneficial to them (Baron et al., 2002). Basically, the theory clarifies importance of rewards in establishing the behaviours of individuals. This theory is focused on internal cognitive conditions that go ahead towards motivation. It can be stated as, people are motivated to do some task only when they are sure that a certain task will lead to sme kind of rewards that are beneficial to them. The cognitive states given in expectancy theory are named as expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Spector, 2003). Expectancy means that the individual is expecting that he has the ability to perform the behaviour that is required to lead to a most wanted outcome, e.g. working hard to achieve a promotion in future. Valence stands for the value that is given to an outcome by the individual. An individual wants to know how attractive an outcome of a certain task would be for him. Instrumentality is the term used for a perceived probability of an individual that a certain behaviour will guide to the preferred outcome. Since its introduction, expectancy theory stands for a well known and important approach, but at the same time it has been disapproved on the basis that the assumption about individuals rational and calculating behaviour in their decision making process is not true in all senses. Another criticism for this theory is that fail to take into account the limited cognitive skills of individuals (Baron et al., 2002). Reinforcement Theories Reinforcement theories assume that the behaviour of people at workplace is mainly established by its apparent encouraging or harmful consequences (Baron et al., 2002). The reinforcement theories are based on the idea presented in Law of Effect. This idea was developed by Hull (1943). Hull presented his Drive theory in which he suggested that effort has a direct relationship with drive multiplied by habit. Where habit is a resultant of reinforcement of behaviour. The rewards for behaviour can be tangible, for example money and pay raise, or intangible, for example admiration of a certain behaviour (Spector, 2003). As a result, reinforcement theory has been taken as highly significant in setting up the ideas relating to rewards and monetary incentives as well as appreciation techniques. These reinforcement techniques have been practiced in many organizations now days (Schultz Schultz, 1998). Reinforcement theory is considered as out of track from other motivation theories as it does not take into account the basic factors or need for which a person wants rewards. It only takes into account the relationship between reinforcement and behaviours of employees at workplace. But its importance cannot be denied as the research on this topic has shown empirical evidence that rewards can be highly influential in the improvement of job performance (Spector, 2003). All these theories which are discussed above have added considerably towards different current viewpoints on motivation and appreciating the concept of motivation in the workplace. Undoubtedly, the theories of all the researchers and authors over the years have an impact on organizations ability to change their organizational psychology by taking effective and practical measures in order to meet the challenge of making their employees motivated and satisfied with their jobs to enhance productivity and profitability. JOB SATISFACTION The concept of job satisfaction attracts great attention by the researchers and theorists and also by the organizations these days. As its importance and popularity has been established in organizational productivity. Managers are now feeling more responsible about keeping their employees at a satisfied stage because their job satisfaction has a prime effect on the productivity of the organization (Arnold Feldman, 1986). Organizations are aware of the fact that having personnel that derive satisfaction from their work add massively towards organizational efficiency and definitive survival. Concept with such marvelous effect on organizational and personal life clearly justifies a matching amount of awareness. Definitions of Job Satisfaction Many definitions of the job satisfaction concept have been given over the time. Arnold and Feldman (1986, p.87) defined job satisfaction as the sum total of overall effect that people have towards their job. Therefore, high level of job satisfaction means that a person generally likes his work and appreciates to do so. He has a positive stance about it. McCormick and Ilgens (1980) regarded job satisfaction as a individuals approach towards his job. They added that a feeling is an exciting answer to the job, which may differ from positive to negative along a continuum. Beck (1983) further added that since a job has many unique angles, job satisfaction is essentially a summary of employee attitudes concerning all these. Theories on Job Satisfaction Beck (1983) said that theories involving the concept of job satisfaction have emotional, motivational and informational workings, as do other approaches about this concept. As we have discussed in detail these theories in the section about motivational theories, only a short summary of these theories is sufficient. Equity theory specifies that people generally want to receive what they consider a fair or equitable return for their efforts at work. Greater satisfaction is experienced if they perceive the return or reward they receive as equitable. Aim of the Study / Research Motivation As the topic of this study suggests, the basic aim of the study is concerned specifically to investigate the relationship between measures taken by the organization to motivate employees and their overall impact on the job satisfaction level of the employees. The organizations need to have a smooth line of production and business functions on a consistent basis in order to be able to perform up to the mark in accord with international standards. For this purpose they have to collect, manage and retain proficient, well trained and optimally productive personnel. The personnel of an organization play an important role in higher production and profit making but the condition is that they should be highly dedicated, devoted and faithful to the objectives of that organization. But the staff can have these characteristics only when they are satisfied with the work that they do and who are consequently motivated to continue their relationship with the organization. A systematic understanding of the nature and considerable causes of employee satisfaction and motivation, will facilitate employers in making the strategies to effect the required positive changes in motivation programs of their organization and ultimately to implement these programs to step forward towards optimal employee reliability and retention. Examples of such strategies may include selecting a number of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards to boost employee motivation and to get rid of certain of its human resource policies and practices that can slow down the process of employee motivation and their satisfaction level. A huge number of researches have been conducted on employee motivation, job satisfaction and their relationship with each other, as well as on a variety of combinations thereof. After having a thorough and deep examination of historical studies, the researcher of this study became able to produce a problem statement that is related to employee motivation and job satisfaction. In this regard, this study aims to add to the already existing knowledge about motivation and job satisfaction and the implications of these terms in organizational psychology. 1.4 Problem Statement Through a deep examination of historical studies, and after a thorough research on the existing literature, the researcher of this study came to know about a strong impact of motivation policies of the companies on the job satisfaction levels of their employees. There are also many studies that show the relationship of these two aspects with many other features in an organizational culture. According to Watson (1994) business in the contemporary era has realized that motivated and satisfied personnel will show an increased production level and deliver output powerfully even to the bottom line. Schofield (1998) conducted a convincing study in which he showed with certainty that the way people are managed has a powerful impact on both productivity and profitability levels of the organization. This study established the importance of job satisfaction, employee motivation and commitment, and corporate culture in organisational capability and limits. By keeping in mind the existing literature about these two variables that are motivation and j